Tuesday, December 31, 2019

The Social Construction of Race, Ethnicity, Class, and Gender

Socialization is the unequal distribution of power, wealth, income and social status between individuals and groups. This distribution is not random, it is patterned and structured. Three important axes of global inequality are gender, race and ethnicity, and class. These inequalities are on a global scale and are found in virtually all societies. It wasnt until relatively recently, however, that a caste system developed to include race and ethnicity among class and gender. Since imperialism and the conquest of the Americas, a number of social changes have occurred, and, as a result, the dominant groups today are not only higher in the social order, in terms of rank, but they are considered better as well. According to Winant, there†¦show more content†¦There are social beliefs which are present today that place social stigmas on people who are affiliated with certain ethnicitys. Yen Le Espiritu puts forth the argument that The exercise of political-economic domination by ra cial elites always involves attempts to objectify the subordinate group by branding subordinate groups as alternatively inferior, threatening, or praiseworthy. An example that is taking place today is that cosmetic surgery being performed on Asian-American women, as Eugena Kaw points out in her article. In particular they are making changes to their eyes and noses to look more ideal. Is that okay though? Should one groups sense of ideal be forced upon another group? Many of the Asian-American women surveyed said their reason for undergoing cosmetic surgery was to form their own personal form of beauty. But why then did these women all undergo similar surgeries to ‘correct how they look? Class is the one social construction that has existed since the beginning of history. There have always been those who oppress and those who are oppressed, from the serfs and lords of the middle ages to the bourgeois and proletariat of today (According to Marx). The distinction of class today is different than its been in the past though. It used to be based on your heritage, but today it is based on capital, the more you have the higher and better you are. Many people feel that cultures that veil women, such asShow MoreRelatedEssay about Educational Achievement and Development1338 Words   |  6 Pagesperson’s class, their gender and/or their race and ethnicity; which no child has the ability to change at such a young and impressionable age. The issue of race, ethnicity and gender are essentially a part of a person’s genetic design, which is biologically determined and cannot be changed easily. When a child is born they have no control over the social environment they are born into, it is only in later life that they may have the opportunity to develop and gain a greater chance of social mobilityRead MoreWhat Is Identity? Who Defines Such, And How Is It Constructed?1570 Words   |  7 Pagesto one’s self, a personal identity; but at the same time can also be socially constructed. People have unique identities which may be partly determined by family influences and personal development, but also biological influences such as a sex, ethnicity, age and disability. As far back as 1690 John Locke wrote an essay concerning human understanding, he considered that personal identity was founded on consciousness, going on to state that identity was of the mind and not of the body. John BowlbyRead MoreRace and Ethicity within Sociology959 Words   |  4 PagesWithin the subtopic of race, several areas including our current culture, social psychology and the current format of our social institutions allow for the production and often the reproduction of racial discrimination in our day and age. Throughout this course, the various readings and class lectures have been very beneficial when examining the impact that racial discrimination and inequality has on our society. In this paper, I will delve into the subtopic of race and ethnicity and expound on how itRead MoreGen der Socialization Is The Process Of Learning The Social1326 Words   |  6 PagesGender socialization is the process of learning the social prospects and behaviors connected with one s sex. According to gender socialization there are so many reasons why males and females act in different ways: they learn different social roles. For example, girls learn to do different household chores such as: how to cook, how to clean, how to do sweep, how to take care of family etc and boys learn to work outside, how to earn money, how to rule the world etc. The effect of family, school, mediaRead MoreDifference Between Ethnicity And Class939 Words   |  4 Pagesspeak mostly in ideological terms in order to make a point. Based on the supposition that gender, ethnicity and class are directly experienced, they are not only distinct traits but something which is accomplished in interaction with others who, further, condense these achievements responsible within established settings (West and Fenst ermaker, 1997: 64). According to Collins these contained constructions to difference, ignores the power relations and material disparities that create dominationRead MoreSsci 316 Study Guide Answers Essay978 Words   |  4 Pageswithout an overt or implied status hierarchy, the issues of inequality would not be as important as they are today 2. Are race and ethnicity the only types of inequality in the US today? diversity in US today is not limited to ethnicity, race – other factors: social class (SES or socio-economic status), education, size of group, religion, language As defined in this class what do the terms ‘majority’ and ‘minority’ refer to? (understand that a primary difference is relationship to power; it isRead MoreSymbolic Boundaries Of The Ku Klux Klan1244 Words   |  5 Pagesused symbolic boundaries to distinguish themselves from all â€Å"others†, who they believed as inferior because of their race, ethnicity and religious beliefs. In order to implement their ideals, the KKK used fear tactics to uphold the boundaries between themselves and â€Å"others† while also limiting the capabilities of the â€Å"others†. Class, ethnicity, age, and gender along with other social determinants, alone or together, help society to categorize people and thus, generate expectations for how an individualRead MoreSouthern United States Culture1343 Words   |  5 Pagessee along the side of the road as you drive through this beautiful part of the United States. It has many different characteristics and many different special things that make it unique. Globalization and Identity, Ethnicity, Religion, The Social Construction of Race, Gender Roles, Class, Places and Spaces (Regional Identity) , and Linguistic Diversity in the south are all topics that I will discuss in this essay. While globalization and identity in the south is not as evident as it would be inRead MoreEssay about Construction of the Self1194 Words   |  5 PagesConstruction of the Self How does one create the â€Å"self†? How do we form as individuals? Whether a person is male or female, white or black, rich or poor, tall or short, pretty or ugly, fat or skinny, the most important factor is the development of the â€Å"self†. The self refers to the unique set of traits, behaviors, and attitudes that distinguishes one person from another (Newman 283). To distinguish between oneself from others, one must be able to recognize their unique traits and characteristicsRead MoreI Am A First Generation College Student Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesI had not direct connection to any ethnicity. When I was in elementary school there where a mixture of Whites, Asians, Latinos, and African Americans ethnicities, grow up in a multicultural area I didn’t think about race or class as much as late in life. Race was a topic that I did not really think and talked about until I was placed into a private school that class was visible, and I began to be more aware or class and race. I would not talk about race or class at school, but I would wait to talk

Monday, December 23, 2019

Similarities Between The Aeneid And The Iliad - 1029 Words

Publius Vergilius Maro, or more commonly known as Virgil, studied the Greek’s most well-known author Homer when he was creating his national epic poem. Virgil’s â€Å"The Aeneid† was written long after the creation of Homer’s â€Å"The Iliad†. However, there are many underlying similarities between the two. Virgil intended for their stories to share similar themes and plots because he truly admired Homer’s works he eventually adopted the Homeric style in his own writing. Despite having great battles and bloodshed, Virgil drew parallels to Homer’s works with the heroes and their fates, the men started wars over a woman, the different prophecies, and other connections between â€Å"The Iliad† and â€Å"The Aeneid.† â€Å"The Aeneid† and â€Å"The Iliad† are relatively†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"The Iliad,† Menelaus and Paris and in â€Å"The Aeneid,† Aeneas and Turnus go head to head in hopes to end the fighting between the armies. Before the wars begin, each hero is gifted with an ekphrasis, or a vivid description, but is more commonly seen as a work of art in some form. Achilles and Aeneas were demigods. Achilles was the son of Thetis and Aeneas was the son of Venus. Their mothers feared for the safety of their sons and as a result they went to Vulcan asking him to create armor for them. The god of fire came back with two shields, one for Achilles and one for Aeneas. In â€Å"The Aeneid,† Aeneas’ shield depicted Rome’s future, which included the founding of Rome and its founder, Romulus. Achilles’ shield displayed what the world was in the present. For example, it depicted the earth, the moon, the cosmos, etc. With their shie lds and armor each of the men went on to fight their battles. As each of the stories begin, there are different prophecies that are told within each epic. In Homer’s â€Å"The Iliad,† Achilles refuses to fight in the war, however, Zeus has a prophecy that Achilles will return to battle once his right-hand man Patroclus fights and kills Hector. It is also prophesied that the Trojans would be defeated in the efforts to win against the Greeks. Achilles receives a prophecy from Zeus asShow MoreRelatedComparative Analysis of the Aeneid, Odyssey, and Iliad Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesComparative Analysis of the Aeneid, Odyssey, and Iliad The Iliad and the Odyssey are two of the best Greek epics written by Homer. Despite their popularity, almost nothing is known about the author beyond the existence of his masterpieces. Surprisingly enough no concrete evidence of his existence is available; not even to confirm the same person created the two works. The authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey were debated even in the times of the ancient Greeks. Many scholars have arguedRead MoreComparing The Iliad And The Aeneid1517 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosopher is establishing is that the source of good and evil are the same while being different. Reminiscent of how The Iliad and the Aeneid are both epic poems that share similarities such as the setting, the reoccurring motif of gods, as well as aspects like the two heroes and the goals to be reached by the plot. When comparing the similarities between the two epics, The Iliad and the Aeneid, one of the most obvious is the setting of which they each take place. They are a part of the same era, one whereRead MoreThe Aeneid Is A Latin Epic Poem Written By Virgil1163 Words   |  5 PagesThe Aeneid is a Latin epic poem written by Virgil. The Aeneid tells a story of Aenes, a Trojan who traveled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the romans. The Iliad is an ancient Greek epic poem written by Homer. Both the Aeneid and the Iliad are both the same and different at the same time. The Iliad and the Aeneid are both masterworks in epic poetry. Not only do they summon destiny and martial duty, but also heroism. They are both fixated around the Trojan War. In the Iliad it focuses mainlyRead MoreSimilarities Between Paradise Lost And Paradise Lost1239 Words   |  5 Pagesantiquity. The epics are Paradise Lost, Aeneid, The Epic Gilgamesh, and The Iliad. The most obvious difference is era. Paradise Lost is an epic poem from the 17th century and is written in blank verse which is the most modern phrasing method. According to an article on Enotes, out of the other three epics, the Iliad and Aeneid came from the same dactyllic family. (â€Å"Compare Miltons Paradise Lost†). Meanwhile The Epic Gilgamesh is more old-fashioned in its verse Between the four books there are a varietyRead More God and Man in Homer’s Iliad, Virgil’s Aeneid, and Dante’s Inferno1228 Words   |  5 PagesGod and Man in Homer’s Iliad, Virgil’s Aeneid, and Dante’s Inferno The truest of man’s goals is to create art. Art is a by-product of the gift of man over the animals, creativity. Truly, creativity is a replication of God in man and a very possible interpretation of the Genesis 1:27 phrase â€Å"in his own image,† along with others—the possession of an immortal soul or the ability to speak. And creativity’s ultimate end product is art. And art more often than not in the history of man has led manRead MoreSimilarities Between The Iliad And Medea1950 Words   |  8 Pagesbefore the modern use of science and logic. In the Iliad, Aeneid and Medea they all had meaningful similarities but there also were differences. The stories told by these philosophers had a lasting effect on how their citizens acted in the past and even to this day. The myths in these stories have broughten to light what their culture found to be significant in life. Whereas Iliad, Medea and Aeneid are different as Iliad is more about fate, while Aeneid l eaves fate open to debate, and the myth of MedeaRead MoreThe Aeneid And The Odyssey1547 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' The Aeneid and The Odyssey The Aeneid and The Odyssey are two of the most famous poems written in their time. While there are other poems that are also notable, these two poems are well known for showing strong battles between mythical creatures and strong heroes. Homer and Virgil have written incredible poems that have stood the test of time. The depth of their vision was beyond their time and is still used around the world thousands of years later to show honest, loyal, strong heroes. The AeneidRead MoreComparing The Underworld Of Homer And Virgil1744 Words   |  7 PagesOdyssey and Virgil’s Aeneid, the heroes make the dauntless adventure into the underworld. Both of theses visits occur around the middle of the stories, and they bring information about the lives of heroes loved ones. The heroes also get very important information from these loved ones; information that they require to continue on their journeys. However these are not the only things that are similar about the heroes visits. The inf luence of the Homeric writings of the Iliad and the Odyssey on Virgil’sRead MoreThe Aeneid By Publius Virgilius Maro1712 Words   |  7 PagesThe Aeneid was written by Publius Virgilius Maro, also referred to as Virgil. He was a Roman man born in northern Italy, in around 70 B.C.E. Virgil, who known for his poetry, especially his earliest work, wrote The Aeneid which was known as his greatest work. His gained his knowledge from studying Greek and Roman authors. Although Virgil studied both cultures his work was more so influenced by the Greek culture, his work was written with the use of common themes that Greek writers used for so manyRead MoreThe Aeneid, The Iliad and the Odyssey653 Words   |  3 Pages Practically thousands of years after they were thought of and written, the Aeneid, The Iliad and the Odyssey continue to be three of the most renowned and broadly read stories ever told. The Aeneid is an epic poem written in 12 books and is modeled in part on the great Greek epic poems, on Homers Iliad and Odyssey. Odysseus is trying to get back to the home, Aeneas is seeking the new In the Aeneid the first six books were in correspondence to the Odyssey because they illustrated Aeneas hunt for

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Unit 2 Cache Level 2 Coursework Free Essays

Shalini Karsan 10/680 846 Unit 2- The developing child. D1- Describe the expected stage of social development of the children aged 4 years. The child at 4 years will start to develop a knowledge about different genders e. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 2 Cache Level 2 Coursework or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. females and males. They can make friends, and they are also interested in having them. This age group, should know how negotiate, and to give and take objects. D2- Describe the expected stage of social development of the children aged 5 years. They can help and take responsibility of other children, for example helping them out in the setting. Most 5 year old children like working in groups, with others as this will let them interact amongst each other. At this age friends are important, they are independent. When playing games in the setting they can understand the rules of the game. D3- Describe one suitable method of observing and recording the social development of children aged 5 years. The suitable method of observing children at the age of 5 years, at the social development stage, is to record it by a narrative observation. It can be used to record social development. A narrative ‘observation is a detailed account of everything that you see the child doing’ (Thornes. N, 2009) When doing observations in the setting, the child’s name should not be included because of confidentiality. The children should be named as ‘A’ and ‘B’ instead of the name. ‘You should record the date you made your observation. ’(Thornes. N, 2009) D4- Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of this method of observing children. The advantages of this observation are so that practitioners understand the child as individuals, and their likes and dislikes. They can collect relevant information about the children or child. They can also know what development stage the child at. The disadvantage of this observation is that it could interfere with confidentiality. The teachers may not want this information to be observed, as it can be passed around to other people. D5- Identify the main influences that may affect the social development of children. Children’s social development can be affected by negative influences such as, speech and language, money problems, English as a second language, violence abuse, disability, family break ups, and moving house. It can also be affected by positive influences such as children making new friends in their new setting, they have started. D6- Describe how snack and mealtimes can support the social development of children. Snack and mealtimes can support social development by the children washing their hands before eating their snack in the setting, or meal in their home; they can talk amongst each other, and the teacher’s this will allow the children to socialise freely. They can be taught how to share and wait for their turns to take their meal or snack, they can serve themselves at the table, this will give them a choice to pick what they would like to eat. Table manners can be involved because it teaches the child to do things independently. D7- Show an understanding of diversity and inclusive practice. As a practitioner we should encourage a child to explore. Practitioners can show an understanding of diversity and inclusive practice, by mixing all the genders together when the children are doing their activity. All children should be treated equally, despite of their ethnicity, ability, religion and needs. ‘A stereotype is a fixed image of a group of people’ (Tassoni. P 2007). Stereotyping, should not be shown, as children may get the wrong idea of the opposite sex. Children with (SEN) Special Education Needs will need extra support in the activities, played in the setting. How to cite Unit 2 Cache Level 2 Coursework, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Management Systems Strategy and Implementation

Question: Discuss about the Management Systems for Strategy and Implementation. Answer: Introduction: The main objective of this report is to analyze the case study of StayTogether hotel chain and suggest suitable recommendations for mitigating the management issues of the company. Ten different hotel chains have decided to merge together to form a single large hotel chain. The main objective of this merger is to operate as a single chain and use only one specific website for online booking purposes. The instant online booking websites provide rooms to the customers at a much cheaper rate. As a result, although the customer count in the hotels is increasing, there are losses in the service expenses and hence, the corporate images of the hotels are slowly getting watered down (Kappelman et al., 2013). In order to solve the issue, the merger hotel chain looks to implement its own suitable policies and guidelines. In this report, the new proposed policies of the company have been analysed and recommendations have been provided for maximizing the benefits from these policies for the company. Case Study Analysis: StayTogether Hotel Chain With the recent development of websites and mobile apps for booking hotels instantly like booking.com, hotels.com and others, the hotel business is getting significantly less amount of actual profits. The instant online booking websites provide rooms to the customers at a much cheaper rate (McKeen, Smith, 2015). As a result, although the customer count in the hotels is increasing, there are losses in the service expenses and hence, the corporate images of the hotels are slowly getting watered down. Hence, ten popular hotel chains have decided to merge into a single chain named StayTogether. Another main agenda of this merger is to operate as a single chain and use only one specific website for online booking purposes. However, in order to ensure the chain does not suffer any losses, the management team has decided with introduction of some specific policies regarding the use of the online website. These policies are as follows. Online booking for rooms in this chain can be done from this website only. There will be a dedicated mobile app (Android, iOS) for the online booking system. The room prices will be fixed throughout the year. During peak months, the prices of the rooms will be higher than usual. Analysis of the New Policies According to the policies, there will be only one online booking website and there will be fixed prices all the year round. However, the problem with these policies is that there are no particular benefits for the customers (Zardini, Rossignoli Ricciardi, 2016). Moreover, due to fixed prices of the rooms, there will be no discounts for the customers. On the other hand, the customers seek rooms with special discounts or low prices. Hence, the management team has decided to implement four new services that will benefit the customers who will book rooms in the StayTogether hotel. The new services are as follows. Customer Loyalty Scheme The management team has planned this scheme in order to earn loyalty from the customers i.e. provide special services to customers so that they will avail their services again in the future. According to this scheme, if some customers visit this hotel chain on a regular basis, they will be offered with free transportation from the airport or railway station. Moreover, if these customers prefer to bring their own cars, they will be provided with free parking spaces. Finally, these customers can also receive free nights at the hotel based on loyalty points gathered by them. These offers will encourage the customers to book rooms in this hotel chain more frequently. Buffet Meal System The management team has also decided to change the existing restaurant model to reduce extra expenses, gain more profit and provide a more convenient system for the customers. In the existing restaurant system, the company has to recruit waiters to serve the dishes to the customers. As a result, the payments to the waiters are extra expenses for the company. Moreover, there is a huge wastage of food as many customers are unable to complete the dishes served to them. Hence, the new plan is to implement buffet meal system for the customers. In this system, customers will be able to choose their preferred dishes and can take only that quantity that they will be able to eat without wastage of food. Moreover, there will be no waiters required for serving the dishes. Another benefit of this system will be integration of the food prices along with the room prices. Hence, the customers will not be required to pay further for the food. However, for those who do not prefer buffet system, there will be exclusive on-site restaurant and the charges for eating in this restaurant will be extra. Special Rebates for Airline Passengers Another change the management team is eager to implement is offering certain rebates to the customers if they avail services of some particular airlines. The company is interested is forming partnerships with these airlines where both parties can benefit from increasing amount of the passengers / customers. According to the proposed plan, if a customer avails the service of one of the selected airlines, he will receive a rebate voucher for StayTogether hotel chain, which he can use for obtaining rebates in room fare or meal price. It is expected that this will increase the passengers in these airlines as well as customers in the hotel chain. Charity Events The company is also planning to donate money some charity events nominated by the customers themselves. According to this plan, a regular customer will be able to nominate a charity to which, StayTogether will pay 1% of the total billable amount. With increasing number of customers, there will be more nominations and the interested customers will avail the services of the hotel more frequently in order to grant donations to their selected charity events. Probable Issues Related to Information System and Technology Used From the analysis of the proposed system, it can be said that there may be several IT and IS issues that the company may face. Some of these issues are discussed as follows. Internet Security Cyber security will be critical test for the organization once the proposed app turns out to be completely operational. For booking purposes, the clients should enter their personal data in the application and subsequently, the application will be the easy target for various hackers and unethical programmers (Gattorna, 2015). Consequently, the protection of the clients data will be lost unless adequate cyber safety efforts are taken. App Developmental Stage According to the proposed arrange, the organization will build up a web based booking application for Android and iOS clients. In any case, advancement of an application is not a simple assignment because of the way that the improvement requires development of various stages of a software development life cycle including -version, -version, demo version and others (Ferrero Sison, 2014). Indeed, even after the full form is finished, there stay a few bugs and mistakes that are to be expelled utilizing new fixes. Once more, the UI must be appealing and straightforward for the clients. Henceforth, the organization will confront critical test in building up the proposed new application. Customer Service (Information System) The organization will likewise confront noteworthy test if there is no customer service administration to address the inquiries of the client. A decent client service administration is a fundamental segment of an effective information system framework. Management of Data and Information There may be a few issues emerging in information administration if there is no appropriate information management framework. With expanding clients, there will be convergence of an enormous measure of information. Manual operations will not have the capacity to deal with every one of the information precisely (Kock, 2014). Henceforth, a computerized information administration framework is vital or the organization will confront critical test in dealing with all the client data. New Business Opportunities With the proposed new technical setup, the company can venture into new business opportunities as well. The possible business opportunities are the following. New Restaurant Chain StayTogether hotel chain can open a new restaurant chain that can be an additional source of revenue for the company. The hotel chain already has restaurants attached to the hotel apartments. However, there can be a new chain for exclusively restaurants where customers can get fast food as well as casual and full meals. The restaurant chain can be made specialized like Italian restaurant chain, Chinese restaurant chain, Mexican restaurant chain and others. With sufficient brand value, there will be no time till influx of customers start in the restaurant chain. Personalized Automated Tour Guide The company can also venture into business of personalized automated tour guide in order to benefit the tourists that avail the services of the hotel chain. This can be another source of income for the company as significant revenues can be generated from the sale of the automated tour guides to the tourists. Conclusion In this report, the new proposed policies of the company have been analysed and recommendations have been provided for maximizing the benefits from these policies for the company. According to the new proposed policies of the management team, there will be only one online booking website and there will be fixed prices all the year round. However, the problem with these policies is that there are no particular benefits for the customers. Moreover, due to fixed prices of the rooms, there will be no discounts for the customers. On the other hand, the customers seek rooms with special discounts or low prices. Hence, the management team has decided to implement four new services that will benefit the customers who will book rooms in the StayTogether hotel. The management team has planned a customer loyalty scheme in order to earn loyalty from the customers i.e. provide special services to customers so that they will avail their services again in the future. The management team has also de cided to change the existing restaurant model to reduce extra expenses, gain more profit and provide a more convenient system for the customers. Another change the management team is eager to implement is offering certain rebates to the customers if they avail services of some particular airlines. The company is interested is forming partnerships with these airlines where both parties can benefit from increasing amount of the passengers / customers. Finally, the company is also planning to donate money some charity events nominated by the customers themselves. According to this plan, a regular customer will be able to nominate a charity to which, StayTogether will pay 1% of the total billable amount. Recommendations Based on the analysis of the companys new schemes, the following recommendations can be provided. Customer Benefit The company must provide certain benefits to the customers in order to earn their trust and loyalty. According to the new policies of the company, there will be only one online booking website and there will be fixed prices all the year round. However, the problem with these policies is that there are no particular benefits for the customers. Moreover, due to fixed prices of the rooms, there will be no discounts for the customers. Hence, the company must emphasize on providing other benefits to the customers. Strict Policy In the case of revenue and profit, company must be strict with their policies without harming the customers interests in any way. It is a habit of most of the customers to bargain with the service provider and lower the actual prices of the services. As a result, if the prices are actually lowered, the company will encounter significant losses in the business. Hence, the company should implement strict pricing policy that can only be lowered for some loyal customers based on their loyalty points or some event specific discounts. Cyber Security Appropriate cyber safety efforts must be taken to protect the personal data of the clients. Cyber security will be critical test for the organization once the proposed application turns out to be completely operational. For booking purposes, the clients should enter their personal data in the application and subsequently, the application will be the easy target for various hackers and unethical programmers. Consequently, the protection of the clients data will be lost unless adequate cyber safety efforts are taken. References Botha, A., Kourie, D., Snyman, R. (2014).Coping with continuous change in the business environment: Knowledge management and knowledge management technology. Elsevier. Bui, Q. N., Markus, M., Newell, S. (2015). Alternative Designs in Widespread Innovation Adoption: Empirical Evidence from Enterprise Architecture Implementation in US State Governments. Ceptureanu, E. G. (2015). 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Influence of knowledge management infrastructure on innovative business processes and market-interrelationship performance: An empirical study of hospitals in Taiwan. InGlobal Diffusion and Adoption of Technologies for Knowledge and Information Sharing(pp. 152-175). IGI Global. McKeen, J. D., Smith, H. A. (2015).IT strategy: Issues and practices. Pearson. Zardini, A., Rossignoli, C., Ricciardi, F. (2016). A bottom-up path for IT management success: From infrastructure quality to competitive excellence.Journal of Business Research,69(5), 1747-1752.